A CONTRASTIVE
ANALYSIS AMONG THE INDONESIAN, ENGLISH,
AND ARABIC PRONOUNS DEAL WITH THE GENDER STRUCTURES
Written by Dra.Pujiati M.Soc .Sc Ph.D (U.S.U)
Abstract
Contrastive
analysis is one the language area which is discussed in linguistics generally,
has been proven in modern descriptive field which aims to complete the study of
the linguistics analysis that is detailed, separated from different language
based on the principle that shows differences and similarities by comparing the
result.
Language is unique, it has its features,
it is also universal though. It means that there are some characteristics which
are universal and considered the most general element which can be linked to
the characteristic or features of other language. In linguistics, gender means
sex or nominal and pronominal classification based in the sex.
Gender is
divided into three parts: 1.Masculine Gender. 2. Feminime Gender. 3. Neuter
Gender. Gender grammatical structure is one of the new branches of study which
is hardly ever examined as in the structure of every language, there is gender
category which is used by male and female which is considered pronoun in all
languages in the world universally such as pronoun in Indonesian, English and
Arabian. Pronoun is one of the parts of speech which carries important role in
the usage. Every language in the world has one device which is called pronoun.
The pronoun exists in order to avoid the repetition of word (anteseden) and at
the same time to simplify and ease the language user. The study of contrastive
analysis of gender structure is a new study which has never been examined among
the three language mentioned above from the structural analysis, therefore, the
problem and the background of this study can give new contribution for theoretical
improvement and applied linguistics by finding the similarities and differences
of gender structures in pronoun in Indonesian, English, Arabian. The result:
shoes that there are similarities and differences of pronoun in Indonesian,
English and Arabian. The similarities is in the form of gender(sex).The
personal pronoun in Indonesian, English and Arabian is used for masculine and
feminine , so is the personal pronoun in Indonesian. But the pronoun in
Indonesian is more neutral in gender point. Then the similarity is in content
and mean. The form of personal pronoun in Indonesian, English and Arabian is
referred to mutakallim (first
person), mukhatab (second person),
and ghaib (third person). Meanwhile
from difference is in the form of number (quantity).Pronoun in Arabian (Damir)
has singular form, musanna form
(dual) and plural form. While the personal pronoun in English and Indonesian
only has singularity and plurality. The difference is in gender form (Sex).The
personal pronoun in English and Arabian is difference in form if it used for
male and female while the personal pronoun in Indonesian does not has any
change in form.
I.
Introduction
Language is the
only property owned by human being who has never been separated from the
activity and movement of the human, as a creature which has culture and lives
in society. None of the human activities is done without language, even in
dream human being uses language (Chaer, 1994).
There is no
doubt about the role of language for human being. It can be proved not only by
the daily use of language, but also by the attention of the scientist and
practitioner towards language. Language as the object of science is not
monopolized by linguistics. Even the scientists in other study use language as
the object of their studies since they need language as the mean to communicate
in everything.
The politicians
learn language in order to find out the feature of word or sentence and style
of language which can touch the heart of the people in their surrounding so
that they are affected. The psychologists and psychiatrist learn language in
order to find out words or sentences which can shows its function in healing
their patient. In the assumption that speech therapy has the suggestive power
towards the healing of diseases, doctors need to learn language. In order to be
able to blend with the society where they work, the guardians, researchers,
speakers always learn the local language to ease them in having social
interaction to run their duties. Language is learned by reporters, artist,
entrepreneurs and any body with variety of profession to convey their opinion,
idea, feeling and mind (Finoza, 2009)
Language shows
the identity of a nation, every nation in the world has their own language, and
it means that language is the element which has strong influence towards human
daily life especially in friendship and integration among themselves or other
nation. Every language has its own norm, the norms can be explained about how
and then rule of the language.
Contrastive
linguistics or contrastive analysis is one of the aspects discussed in
linguistic generally, has been proved as a research field in modern descriptive
field. The basic point in this contrastive analysis is the necessity of
examining the comparative study of language which differs in structure,
vocabulary and others as the difference exist in Indonesian, English and
Arabian, in which it is more difficult than to learn the same language for
example between Seeding Malay and Delhi Malay. The comparison of language contrastively
from the teaching of language view can be considered the core of appled
linguistics.
Contrastive
analysis is a linguistic analysis method that tries to describe, proof and to
explain the differences and similarity of linguistic aspects between two or
more languages which are compared. The language which is compared is called
language in contact. The aim or target of contrastive analysis is to find out
the principle of linguistic which is useful to be applied in the practical aims
especially for the teaching, learning and translating (Ridwan, 1998).
This article is
an interesting study to be discusses. The specific purposes of the discussion
of the topic are:
a)
Contrastive linguistic is one of
the language area which is described generally, has been proved in modern
descriptive field, which function is to complete the linguistic analysis study
which is detailed, separated from different languages based on the principle
(the study that shows the differences and similarities by comparing the
result).
b)
Pronoun is used to refer to noun
or the kind of noun. Pronoun is a universal phenomenon, that in speaking, a
word referred to human, thing or event is not used repeatedly in the same
context. The repetition is only allowed if the word is emphasized or very important.
For example, in a report about a crime which is done by a person name, mat, the
repetition of the name, mat in every following sentences is impractical. To
avoid the negative effect of the repetition, every language in the world has
its own device known as pronoun. The pronoun is used to avoid the repetition of
word (anteseden).
c)
There is no journal about
contrastive analysis of gender structure in pronoun in Indonesian, English and
Arabian.
II.
The
Analysis and The Result
2.1
Contrastive
Analysis
Contrastive
analysis is one of the language area which is discussed in linguistics
generally , has been proved in modern descriptive field functioned to complete
the study of linguistic analysis which is detailed, separated from different
languages based on the principle that shows the differences and the
similarities by comparing the result.
Language
is unique, it has its features, it is also universal though.It means that there
are some characteristic which are universal and considered the most general
element which can be linked to the characteristic or features of other language
(Chaer, 1994).
Gender
grammatical is one of the new branch of study which is hardly ever examined as
in the structure of every language, there is gender category which is used by
male and female is which is considered pronoun in all languages in the world
universally such as pronoun in Indonesian , English and Arabian.
Pronoun
is one of the parts of speech which carries important role in the usage. Every
language in the world has one device which is called pronoun. The pronoun
exists in order to avoid the repetition of word (anteseden) and at the same
time to simplify and ease the language user.
The
study of contrastive analysis of gender structure is a new study which has
never been examined among the three language mentioned above from the
structural analysis, therefore, the problem and the background of this study
can give new contribution for theoretical improvement and applied linguistics
by finding the similarities and differences of gender structures in pronoun in
Indonesian, English, Arabian.
Linguistics
as the study of language has wide atmosphere to describe, analyze, and shows
the structural analysis result by the way the system works upon the language
used by the certain language society. The language structure here means that
the arrangement of language elements which have inter-relation in the certain
patterns. The patterns in every stages are learned by linguistic branches such
as phonology, morphology, syntax, known as structure or “ilmu qawa’id”
Contrastive
linguistics is one of the aspect discussed in linguistics generally, has been
proved to be a research field in modern descriptive field. Contrastive
linguistics is also known as contrastive analysis. The basic notion of contrastive
analysis is that, it is too difficult to learn something unusual from a
language which has been known by learners. The comparison of languages
contrastively in the view of language teaching is regarded as the core of
applied linguistics.
The
study of Arabian linguistics is based on the holy Al-Qur’an started in the 7
century since the spread of Islamic religion. The study of Arabian linguistics
is in the Arabian terminology so that Arabian gets the attention in Europe so is Latin. In Arabian word, teaching of the
linguistics in 7 century was pioneered by Basrah who had built the strong basic
in the system of Arabian as the logical utterance about the phenomenon of the
world. Instead of the one mentioned before, there was a group of Arabian linguistics
at Kibah who had paid great attention to the variety of language dialects which
were found at the Arabian structure in the 8 century written by Sibawaihi, an
Persian not Arabian. Sibawaihi was Al-Khalil’s student who worked on
lexicography. The popular book about language structure written by Sibawaihi is
known as Al-Kitab.
Arabian
structure or ilmu Qawa’id is the basic rule of reading Al-Qur’an, so it is
recognized as the first science among the others; law, economics, algebra,
history and so on.Al – Qur’an is read by variety of people. Once Abdul Aswad
Adduwaly had ever heard of the verse in
Al-Qur’an. (Q.S 9:3) read as follows:
/anna
allaha bariun mi al-musyrikina wa rasuluhu/
“In
fact, Allah and his Rasul have terminated the relationship with musyrikin.”
They uttered “Li” which is
underlined, a in fact it should be in the first row as lafaz “ Rasulihi” is placed after WAW(atf and
na’at), so to avoid the mistake they arranged basic rules of nahwu science,
then they put interjection in order to help people reading it correctly.Nahwu
science can be revised in the second Hijriyah Century.
According to W.F Mackey
(1984:106-131)
“It is
different in structure regarding to the quantity of the understanding the part
of speech of the word. Learning language is a process of being able to express
oneself in sound through different words.”
Language is a mean of
social interaction communication. Some linguists express their opinion about
language as follows:
According to M.Nuh
Hudawi (1969:5):
“Language
is utterance and human feeling done regularly by means of vocal cord.”
According
to Bloomfield
(1984: 24):
"Language
as a means of expression compiler has been applied to language teaching
methods".
According to
Drs. Hami Winarno Seno and Mugiyo BA (1982: 11): "Language is a means of
communication between community members, in the form of the symbol of the voice
sounds, which is produced by voice production"
According Fiirth
(1984:34): "Language is a strong human activity, should involve the mind
and ideas who use it, as well as situations where the location of the language
used. A language must be classified and abstracted the elements of a situation
that has a constant relationship to vocabulary and grammar "
According
Samsuri (1983: 5) that language marks human existence, and in this sense can be
said about human’s life. I am speaking because I'm alive "
Language is a
system of signs or symbols as a means of communication between two people or
more. The signs has various types and therefore can be various types of
language. Language uses conventional signs system. This system has a close
relationship with humans so often assisted by the human organism that is body
movement. The existence of language is absolute in life, and it is in communication.
So any form of language is a result of contact between the various creatures
that have a number of tools from nature for the sake of communication.
Van Ginneka and Zwerner stated
that (1976: 7): "a man is
doing something to produce large number
of signs "
Different it is
a clear for us that if two or more children we separate away from the
pedagogical influences and we arrange a meeting to get along, regardless of
nation or language. They will create language, because they had entered into
communication, then the their organs are forced to work. So the language as
something that is social is a result of the association and the community which
brings the strongest binder together. Every language has certain norms, these
norms be explained how and the rules of the language.
2.2 INDONESIAN
Indonesian is
one of the Austronesian groups removed from the Riau Malay language and has
become the national language and the language of unity at the Youth Congress on
28 October 1928. Indonesian language is the language of national unity of Indonesia as
stated in the manuscript ‘Youth pledge” 28 October 1928. Historically, the
Indonesian language comes from one of the Malay-Riau temporal dialect. Its
existence juridical accepted on August 19, 1945, namely the determination of
article by article of the (UUD R.I) the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
From the history and future
considerations, then Indonesian: language, as unity language, the language of
the country, the language of science, and language of communication Indonesian
people. therefore Indonesian has always improve of grammar according to
language repertoire of ethnic and foreign-study. In the Decision of the
Politics seminar (National Language
Politics Seminar *) stated that as the national language, Indonesian language
function as: 1. The symbol of national pride; 2. The symbol of national
identity; 3. as a means of unifying the various communities of different
socio-cultural background; and 4. Intercultural and inter-regional
communication device.
As a first
function that is a symbol of national pride, the Indonesian language should
reflect the socio-cultural values that underlie our sense of pride. On the
basis of this Indonesian pride we keep and we develop, and a sense of pride we
always wear coached.
As a second
function that is a symbol of national identity, the Indonesian language
reflects the flag and emblem beside us. In the Indonesian perform this function
would have to have identity. Indonesian to have his identity only if the user
community build and develop it in such a way that the net of elements of other
languages, especially foreign languages like English, which is not really
necessary.
Indonesian
language third function in his capacity as the national language is a device
that enables the implementation of unification of various tribes who have
cultural backgrounds and languages of different regions into a complete
national unity. In this connection, the Indonesian language allows various
ethnic groups that achieve harmony of life as a unified nation with no need to
leave the tribal identity and on social values and cultural background of the
respective of regional languages.
The fourth
function of Indonesian language is as
the national language as a device of communication between residents, between
regions, and tribal nations. Thanks to the national language, we can relate to
one another such that so that misunderstandings due to differences in
socio-cultural backgrounds and languages can be avoided.
In his position
as the State language, the Indonesian language function as 1. Official
language; 2. Official language of instruction in educational institutions; 3.
The official language of communication at the national level for the purposes
of development planning and administration; and 4. The official language in
cultural development and utilization of science and technology.
As a function of
the first as the official nation language, the Indonesian language used in all
ceremonies, events, and country activity, both in oral and written form.
Included in the activities that were writing documents and decisions as well as
speeches and state papers issued by government agencies.
The second
function as the State language, the Indonesian language is the language of
instruction at educational institutions ranging from kindergarten to college
across Indonesia
and the Indonesian schools abroad.
English is used in Britain, United State,
Canada, Australia and other regions in Western Europe,
North America and Australasia. The total
native speaker: 402 million. Besides, it is as the second language for 600
million people around the world and as the third rank within group of
Indo-Europe language. English is the first language in United
State, Antigua and Barbuda,
Australia, Bahamas, Barbados,
Bermuda, Great
Britain, Guyana,
Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, New Zealand, Trinidad and Tobago.
Besides,
English is also as one of legal language in international organization like
United Nations (UN) and International Olympic Committee, and also as nation
language in some countries, like South Africa,
Belize, Philippine, Hongkong, Ireland,
Canada, Nigeria, Singapore, and the others.
English
is the first second-language learnt in the world. It was spread since the
policy and imperialism from England
and then Britain
influenced the world. One of the English proverbs named British Empire is “where the sun never sets”.
2.5 PRONOUN
Definition of pronoun from linguistic point of view:
William Norris (1981: 1407) state:
“Pronoun is one class of words that function as
substituted for pronouns or noun phrase and denote persons or thing asked for,
previously specified, or under stood from the context”
The Encyclopedia
Americana International states (1974: 655):
“Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to refer to
someone or something earlier mentioned or generally understood”
Webster (1974: 763) defines:
“Pronoun is
one of certain class of words often used instead of a noun phrase mentioned,
asked for or known in the context, so that the noun need not be repeated”
Pronoun as one of the part of speech has an important role in its usage. Kata ganti merupakan salah satu golongan
dari kelas kata yang memiliki arti penting dalam pengunaannya. All
languages in the world have a tool named pronoun. Pronoun is functioned to
avoid repetition or anteseden and to
simplify the usage of languages and also to make it easier as well.
Damir in a Arabic and dan personal
pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, as
one of important tools are used anywhere and anytime by the user of both
languages, in order to avoid the chat words, which is why damir is used and
personal pronoun.
The contrastive analysis in Arabic and personal pronoun in bahasa
Indonesia is a linguistic analysis within the two language, to look for
differences and the similarity of both languages.
Besides, this research is conducted to present to the readers
particularly, and the community of both languages in general to know: to what
extend the difference between damir in Arabic with pronoun in bahasa Indonesia..
Based on the motivations explained above, the reason why this research
was conducted is because there is no book written which analyze the contrast of
structure gender pronoun in Malay, English, and Arabic.
GENDER IN LANGUAGE
From the linguistic point of view,
Gender means sex or classification of noun based on the sex. (Husain, 1993). In
gender classification, Anggawirya (1982) divides gender into four
classification, they are: 1. Masculine Gender, 2. Feminine Gender, 3. Neuter Gender 4. Common Gender. The same opinion according to Mas’ud (1987) also in four
classification. While Rebecca (1956)
divides it into three classification, they are: 1.
Masculine Gender, 2. Feminine Gender, 3. Neuter Gender.
The word gender genuinely is Greece “genus”
meanings types or groups (Barnhart,
1957). The meaning is now developed to be the social role between male and
female. To make it clearer, both should be discriminated physically (Fakih, 1988). Female
have menstruation, to have baby, and to suckle, which are never experienced by
male. On the other hand, male has Adam’s apple, sperm, and penis; which are not
changeable with female’s. Sex is natural and as given by God while gender is
social and bordered by time and culture.
Poynton (1985) describe three domain in
the context of gender, they are: lexis, the linguistic futures and the link
between language and idea. Nevertheless, in the context of gender, linguistic
domain cannot be separated with the context of ideology and socio-cultural. For
example, lexis butet ‘a little girl’ and ucok ‘a little
boy’ in Bataknese is not only discriminate female and male, but also state
the difference in bias gender as ideology - butet indicates the weakness, so
she must be protected, leaded, and nursed.
From linguistic point of view, the
contrastive analysis grammatical gender in pronoun in bahasa Indonesia,
English, and Arabic covers syntaxes and morphologies aspects. Any languages in
this universe, theoretically could be taken as comparative study, any languages
has its particular specification. As Gorys Keraf (1984: 33) says that
the universal specification of languages could be taken as a comparative
analysis:
- The similarity in the form and meaning. Any languages has its particular form linked with the particular meaning for reference simplification.
- Any languages has its smallest functional unit, named phoneme and they are unique in each language. There is an interesting fact, that each language has its smallest unit to differentiate meanings, and the compound of very limited sounds could produce unlimited symbols (words). Phoneme in any languages is around 15 up to 50, but those could produce thousands morphemes; smallest meaningful unit.
- Any languages in the world has its particular part of speech, they are noun, verb, adjective, personal pronoun and numbers.
The writer make a limitation in contrastive analysis
of grammatical gender of bahasa Indonesia, English, and Arabic based on the
comparative object in the form of personal pronoun, clitic and gender. According
to Keraf (1984: 33) that the most suitable aspect of comparative study is
formed analysis, such as searching the similarity and the contrastive of
pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, English and Arabic as follows:
- The form of position/cases of pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, English and Arabic; nominative, accusative, and genitive. The form of position personal pronoun as subject and object. The form of permanent pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, English and Arabic. The permanent formed/klitis.
- The initial formed, at the end of pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, English, and Arabic.
- The numbers formed, either singular pronoun or plural pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, English, and Arabic. The gender formed (sex) damir in bahasa Indonesia, English, and Arabic.
d.
The content
formed of pronoun in bahasa Indonesia, English, and Arabic directed to the
first, second, third persons.
2.7 FINDING
From the contrastive analysis point of view, grammatical pronoun of
gender in bahasa Indonesia, English and Arabic, the finding is as follows:
Characteristically, personal pronoun
in bahasa Indonesia divided into two parts, they are 1) the main pronoun and 2)
the other pronoun. Pronoun in English divided into seven, they are: personal
pronouns, possesive pronoun, reflexive pronoun, demonstrative pronun,
Indefinite pronouns, Interrogative pronuns, and relative or conjuctive pronouns.
Damir in Arabic, from structural point of
view pronoun/damir divided into
two parts, they are damir bariz (kata
ganti jelas) and damir mustatir (kata ganti tidak jelas).
In the
Arabic language in terms of structural pronouns / Damir Damir divided into
bariz (clear pronouns) and Damir mustatir (unclear pronouns). From the aspect of grammatical
gender in pronouns, so now we have been discussing some aspects of the nexus
that exist between communities of language related to different languages, and also on some form of
a difference than this. Two types
of social differences that have been discussed are social stratification and
ethnic group differences. In both
of them have to be shown that the harmony between social differences with
differences in geography related to their impressions upon the language,
namely, social distance has found that impressions are the same as the distance
linguistic geography. As well
as geographical clusters, a collection of ethnic and social class
characteristics have the same linguistics because nexus among them more than
with people outside their group. The investigation has found that language in many
communities there is a difference between the speech of men and women. In most cases, the differences are very small and
generally not realized.
These differences are considered as ordinary matter, the same as the differences in faces or movement behavior. For example, in many American English accent is found that the designation by the female vowels are more than a few terms (more in the frontier, further back, higher, or lower), than men. However, in some other things as well, these differences may be large, deliberate and sometimes taught to a child. Child found to have used the form used by women, namely / ts / and / dz /, and parents too, both male and female, using a different form , that is / aj / da. This means that a man uses three different forms in his life, and therefore regarded as a conscious of this fact when he makes a speech from one form to another. At first these differences can not be explained on the basis of social distance. In most societies men and women relate to freely among one another, and rarely there are social constraints that may affect communication between the two jantina greatness of this. From the emergence of language variation that is based jantina can not be explained after the way the form of class dialects, a collection of ethnic and geographical dialects. How do exactly these differences arise? Why do men sometimes speak differently from women? Let's look at some examples of these differences and try to -- the prosecutor language about language differences in terms of jantina determine whether the factors that led to its emergence. We start from the differences rather large, which can easily be identified. Examples of well-known to prosecutors about language differencesinterms of jantina come from the West Indies. Had been reported when Europeans first arrived in the islands and the Lesser Anillis connected with people who lived there Hindian Carip found that there were men and women "tells a different language." Men used more specific phrases he understood, but never used one female. In contrast, women used words and feelings that were never used by men, if men used them they would be ridiculed. The result looked as if women had a different language than men.
These differences are considered as ordinary matter, the same as the differences in faces or movement behavior. For example, in many American English accent is found that the designation by the female vowels are more than a few terms (more in the frontier, further back, higher, or lower), than men. However, in some other things as well, these differences may be large, deliberate and sometimes taught to a child. Child found to have used the form used by women, namely / ts / and / dz /, and parents too, both male and female, using a different form , that is / aj / da. This means that a man uses three different forms in his life, and therefore regarded as a conscious of this fact when he makes a speech from one form to another. At first these differences can not be explained on the basis of social distance. In most societies men and women relate to freely among one another, and rarely there are social constraints that may affect communication between the two jantina greatness of this. From the emergence of language variation that is based jantina can not be explained after the way the form of class dialects, a collection of ethnic and geographical dialects. How do exactly these differences arise? Why do men sometimes speak differently from women? Let's look at some examples of these differences and try to -- the prosecutor language about language differences in terms of jantina determine whether the factors that led to its emergence. We start from the differences rather large, which can easily be identified. Examples of well-known to prosecutors about language differencesinterms of jantina come from the West Indies. Had been reported when Europeans first arrived in the islands and the Lesser Anillis connected with people who lived there Hindian Carip found that there were men and women "tells a different language." Men used more specific phrases he understood, but never used one female. In contrast, women used words and feelings that were never used by men, if men used them they would be ridiculed. The result looked as if women had a different language than men.
The terms of contrastive analysis is to look for differences and similarities of grammatical gender pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic in the form of tables on the following pages:
A. Gender
Pronouns in Indonesian, English, and Arabic
MASCULINE
|
INDONESIAN
|
ENGLISH
|
ARABIC
|
First Singular
|
saya, aku
|
I
|
أنا
|
First Plural
|
Kami, kita
|
We
|
نحن
|
Second Singular
|
Kita
|
We
|
أنت
|
Male
|
|||
Second of two
|
Kamu
|
You
|
أنتما
|
Men
|
|||
Second Plural
|
Kamu
|
أنتم
|
|
of Men
|
You
|
||
Third Singular
|
Dia
|
He
|
هو
|
of Male
|
|||
Third of two
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هما
|
Men
|
|||
Third Plural
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هم
|
of Male
|
|||
FEMININE
|
INDONESIAN
|
ENGLISH
|
ARABIC
|
First Singular
|
saya, aku
|
I
|
أنا
|
First Plural
|
Kami, kita
|
We
|
نحن
|
Second Singular
|
Engkau
|
You
|
أنت
|
of Female
|
|||
Second of two
|
Kamu
|
You
|
أنتما
|
Women
|
|||
Second Plural of
|
Kamu
|
You
|
أنتن
|
Women
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia
|
She
|
هي
|
of Female
|
|||
Third of two
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هما
|
Women
|
|||
Third Plural
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هن
|
Female
|
In terms of gender pronouns in
the Indonesian language are more likely to be neutral like dia can be used both for masculine and feminine while in the
English and Arabic has a different shape changes to male and female pronouns
like he, she, هو, هي.
A.
Pronouns on the Subject Form in Indonesian, English and Arabic
PERSON
|
INDONESIAN
|
ENGLISH
|
ARABIC
|
First Singular
|
Saya, aku
|
I
|
أنا
|
First Plural
|
Kami, kita
|
We
|
نحن
|
Second Singular of
|
Kita
|
We
|
أنت
|
Male
|
|||
Second of two
|
Kamu
|
You
|
أنتما
|
Men
|
|||
Second Plural
|
Kamu
|
أنتم
|
|
of Male
|
You
|
||
Second Singular of
|
Engkau
|
You
|
أنت
|
Female
|
|||
Second of two
|
Kamu
|
You
|
أنتما
|
Women
|
|||
Second Plural
|
Kamu
|
You
|
أنتن
|
Female
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia
|
He
|
هو
|
Male
|
|||
Third of two
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هما
|
Men
|
|||
Third Plural
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هم
|
Male
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia
|
She
|
هي
|
Female
|
|||
Third of two
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هما
|
Women
|
|||
Third Plural
|
Mereka
|
They
|
هن
|
Female
|
B.
Clitic on Object Pronouns in
Indonesian, Inggris and Arabic
PERSON
|
INDONESIAN
|
ENGLISH
|
ARABIC
|
First Singular
|
Dia memukulku
(Saya)
|
He hits me
|
ضربني
|
First Plural
|
Dia memukul kami
|
He hits us
|
ضربنا
|
Second Singular
|
Dia memukulmu
|
He hits you
|
ضربك
|
Male
|
|||
Second of two
|
Dia memukulmu
|
He hits you
|
ضربكما
|
Men
|
|||
Second Plural
|
Dia memukulmu
|
He hits you
|
ضربكم
|
Male
|
|||
Second Singular
|
Dia memukulmu
|
She hits you
|
ضربك
|
Female
|
|||
Second of two
|
Dia memukulmu
|
She hits you
|
ضربكما
|
Women
|
|||
Second of Plural
|
Dia memukulmu
|
She hits you
|
ضربكن
|
Female
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia memukulnya
|
He hits him
|
ضربه
|
Female
|
|||
Third of two Men
|
Dia memukul mereka
|
He hits them
|
ضربهما
|
Klitik on People Shape Object Pronouns in the
Indonesian language, English and Arabic
C. Klitik Gender Pronouns on Object Forms in Indonesian,
English and Arabic
Person
|
INDONESIAN
|
English
|
ARABIC
|
First
Singular
|
Dia memukulku
(Saya)
|
He hits me
|
ضربني
|
First Plural
|
Dia memukul kami
|
He hits us
|
ضربنا
|
Second Singular
|
Dia memukulmu
|
He hits you
|
ضربك
|
Masculine
|
|||
Second of two
|
Dia memukulmu
|
He hits you
|
ضربكما
|
Men
|
|||
Second Plural
|
Dia memukulmu
|
He hits you
|
ضربكم
|
Masculine
|
|||
Second Singular
|
Dia memukulmu
|
She hits you
|
ضربك
|
Feminine
|
|||
Second of two
|
Dia memukulmu
|
She hits you
|
ضربكما
|
Females
|
|||
Second of Plural
|
Dia memukulmu
|
She hits you
|
ضربكن
|
Feminine
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia memukulnya
|
He hits him
|
ضربه
|
Masculine
|
|||
Third of two
|
Dia memukul mereka
|
He hits them
|
ضربهما
|
Men
|
|||
Dia memukul mereka
|
He hits them
|
ضربهم
|
|
Men
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia memukul mereka
|
She hits them
|
ضربهما
|
Feminine
|
|||
Third of two
|
Dia memukul mereka
|
She hits them
|
ضربهما
|
Women
|
|||
Third Singular
|
Dia memukul mereka
|
She hits them
|
ضربهن
|
Feminine
|
In Indonesian and Arabic there are
klitik as an example in Indonesian dia memukulmu He/She hits you and in Arabic
(ضربني ) and there is no klitik in English found.
C.
SIMILARITY PRONOUS IN INDONESIAN,
ENGLISH AND ARABIC
1. Similarity on
Gender Form
Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir munfasil) on subject form in Arabic used for masculine and feminine, as well as pronouns
in Indonesian is distinct in terms of
gender because it’s more likely to neutral.
Examples in Indonesian Language :
Feminine Masculine
Dia (she)
dia
(he)
Mereka (they) mereka
(they)
Engkau
(you) engkau
(you)
Kamu
(you) kamu
(you0
Saya
(I) saya
(I)
Kami (we) kami
(we)
Examples in English :
Feminine Masculine
She He
They
They
You you
You You
I
I
We We
Examples in Arabic :
Feminine
Masculine
/hiya/ هي /huwa/ هو
/huma/ هما /huma/ هما
Hunna/ هن /hum/ هم
/anti/ أنت /anta/ أنت
/antuma/ أنتما /antuma/ أنتما
/antunna/ أنتن /antum/ أنتم
/nahnu/ نحن /nahnu/
نحن
2. Similarity in
terms of content and intent.
Pronouns Form in Indonesian, English and Arabic
(lafaz damir) addressed to the first, second and third person.
Examples in Indonesian :
First Singular
: saya ( I )
Plural : kami,
kita (we)
Second Singular :
engkau (you)
Plural :
kamu (you)
Third Singular
: mereka (they)
Examples in Arabic :
First Singular
: /ana/ أنا
Plural
: /nahnu/ نحن
Second Singular :
/anti/, /anta/ أنت| أنت
Musanna : /antuma/ أنتما
Plural : /antunna/, /antum/ أنتم|
أنتن
Third
Singular : /hiya/, /huwa/ هو| هي
Musanna : /huma/ هما
Plural : /hunna/, /hum/هم| هن
3. Similarity in terms of form
a) Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir
bariz/damir mustatir) are nominative as
subjects (kasus rafa in Arabic).
Examples in Indonesian :
Kami
berlibur ke Brastagi ‘
We were on vacation in Berastagi’
Engkau
datang ke rumahnya ‘ You come to her house’
Example in English :
I go to school.
Examples in Arabic :
ولا أنا عابد ما عبدتم
/wala ana ‘abidun ma ‘abadtum/
‘I'm not worshiping what you worship’ (Q.S 109 :4)
قل أعوذ برب الناس
/qul a’uzu bi rabbi n-nas(i)/
"Say: I seek refuge in God (ruler of
all) human beings" (Q.S 114 :1)
4. Similarity in
terms of fixed form (mabni) or not.
Pronouns in Indonesian, Arabic, English remains in each
sentence.
Example in Indonesian :
Kuambil
buluh sebatang I took
a bamboo.
Example in English :
I take your book
Example in Arabic :
ولا أنتم عابدون ما أعبد
/wa la antum ‘abiduna ma a’bud (u) /
‘And not you worship what I worship " (Q.S 109:
5)
5. Similarity on
sentence order.
Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir munfasil rafa’) structure is placed at the beginning of the sentence,
while the pronouns is generallyplaced
at the beginning of the sentence unless the sentence inversion.
Example in Indonesian :
Aku
berdiri di senja sunyi. I stood in the silence of the twilight/the
twilight silence.
Example in English
:
I write a book
Example in Arabic :
هو الغفور الودود
/huwa l-ghafuru l-wadud (u)/
‘He is very forgiving, full of love’ (Q.S 85:14)
6. Similarity on
object (accusative)
In Indonesian, English and Arabic (kasus
nasab).
Example in Indonesian :
Dia
memberiku uang He gives me money
Example in English :
He gives me money
Examples in Arabic :
إياك
نعبد زإياك نستعين
/iyyaka na’budu wa iyyaka nasta’in (u)/
‘You’re the only who we worship, and unto thy we only ask for help ’ (Q.S 1 :5)
فجعلهم
كعسف مأكول
/faja ‘alahum ka’asfin ma’kul (in)
‘and then make them like the leaves are depleted encroached on the animals ‘ (Q.S 105 :5)
7. Similarity in
terms of clitic form or not.
Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic shaped on clitic abbreviations.
Example in Arabic :
إنا أنزلناه في ليلة القدر
'have we sent down (the Qur'an) in kaylatul Qadr' (Sura 97: 1)
Examples in the Indonesian language:
Examples in the Indonesian language:
Guru menghukum mereka
(The teacher punishes them)
Examples in English:
He called me
8. Equation in terms of laying the composition.
In the Indonesian, English and Arabic sentence the object is placed behind the verb.
Examples in the Indonesian language:
Dia memberiku setangkai bunga
(The teacher punishes them)
Examples in English:
He called me
8. Equation in terms of laying the composition.
In the Indonesian, English and Arabic sentence the object is placed behind the verb.
Examples in the Indonesian language:
Dia memberiku setangkai bunga
Examples in English:
He Gives me a flower
Examples in Arabic:
اللذى أطعمهم من جوع وامنهم من خوف
/ allazi at'amhum min ju'in amanahum wa min khauf (in) /
He Gives me a flower
Examples in Arabic:
اللذى أطعمهم من جوع وامنهم من خوف
/ allazi at'amhum min ju'in amanahum wa min khauf (in) /
E. THE DIFFERENCE OF PRONOUNS IN INDONESIAN,ENGLISH AND ARABIC namely:
1. Differences in terms of gender (sex).
Tha pronoun in English and Arabic has different form when it is used for male or female. Meanwhile, in Indonesian the pronoun has the same form for both men and women.
1. Differences in terms of gender (sex).
Tha pronoun in English and Arabic has different form when it is used for male or female. Meanwhile, in Indonesian the pronoun has the same form for both men and women.
Example in Indonesian
Dia bibimu, Dia pamanmu
Example in English :
She's your aunt
He's your uncle
Examples in Arabic
بل هو قران مجيد
She's your aunt
He's your uncle
Examples in Arabic
بل هو قران مجيد
/ bal Huwa qur'anun majid (un) /
'This is not the glorious qur'an' (Sura 85: 21)
فانماهي زجرة واحدة
/ fa hiya innama zajratun wahidat (un) /
'but really it's just a cry alone "(Surah 97: 13)
2. The Differences in terms of number (quantity) in the position as the subject.
Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic has a number of different forms for the pronoun as the subject of Arabic found in singular , dual form (musanna), and plural. While the pronouns in Indonesian and English has singular and plural, there is no dual form as it is found in Arabic.
Examples in Arabic
Singular : / anti /, / anta /, / anti /, / Huwa /, / hiya / أنت, أنت, هو, هي
Dual form (musanna): / antuma /, / huma /
هما, أنتما
The plural: / hunna /
هن, هم, نحن
'This is not the glorious qur'an' (Sura 85: 21)
فانماهي زجرة واحدة
/ fa hiya innama zajratun wahidat (un) /
'but really it's just a cry alone "(Surah 97: 13)
2. The Differences in terms of number (quantity) in the position as the subject.
Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic has a number of different forms for the pronoun as the subject of Arabic found in singular , dual form (musanna), and plural. While the pronouns in Indonesian and English has singular and plural, there is no dual form as it is found in Arabic.
Examples in Arabic
Singular : / anti /, / anta /, / anti /, / Huwa /, / hiya / أنت, أنت, هو, هي
Dual form (musanna): / antuma /, / huma /
هما, أنتما
The plural: / hunna /
هن, هم, نحن
Example in
Indonesian
Singular: aku, engkau, dia
The plural: kami (kita) , kamu, mereka
Example in English
Singular: I, You, he, she
The plural: They, you, We
Singular: aku, engkau, dia
The plural: kami (kita) , kamu, mereka
Example in English
Singular: I, You, he, she
The plural: They, you, We
3.The Differences
in terms of the number (quantity) in the position as objects in a sentence .
In Arabic There are singular, and plural, and musanna, but the pronouns in Indonesian and English there are only singular and plural.
In Arabic There are singular, and plural, and musanna, but the pronouns in Indonesian and English there are only singular and plural.
Example in Indonesian
Singular: ku, mu, nya
Plural: kami/kita, mu (kamu), mereka
Example in English
Singular: I, You, he, she
The plural: They, you, We
Sample Arabic
Single: / ki /, / ka /, / ni /, / ha '/, / ha / ك, ك, ني, ها, هاء
Musanna: / huma /, / crocus / هما, كما
The plural: / / hum /, / na /, / kunna /, / law /, / hunna / هم, نا, كن, كم, هن
Singular: ku, mu, nya
Plural: kami/kita, mu (kamu), mereka
Example in English
Singular: I, You, he, she
The plural: They, you, We
Sample Arabic
Single: / ki /, / ka /, / ni /, / ha '/, / ha / ك, ك, ني, ها, هاء
Musanna: / huma /, / crocus / هما, كما
The plural: / / hum /, / na /, / kunna /, / law /, / hunna / هم, نا, كن, كم, هن
The Differences in terms of kilitik (abbreviation).
Pronoun in Indonesian, English and Arabic has different forms for its short.
Example in Indonesian
Dia memperhatikannya, ketika sedang berjalan .
Example in English
He watches her while she is walking
Examples in Arabic:
/ wa lasawfa yu'tika rabbuka fatard (a) /
'and your God gives you what's fun for you' (Surah 93: 5)
III. CONCLUSION
'and your God gives you what's fun for you' (Surah 93: 5)
III. CONCLUSION
contrastive analysis of gender
structure is one of the discussion of general
linguistics which aims to analyze the equation-the similarities and differences in terms
of gender,
especially for
the object is a pronoun in the Indonesian, English and Arabic. In terms of pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic are:
1. The similarity in terms of gender (sex). Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic. Arabic uses pronoun for masculine and feminine, as well as pronouns in Indonesian. But Indonesian pronouns are more neutral in terms of gender.
2. The Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic that are based on the position of the nominative (case rafa ') as the subject, and the personal pronoun in Indonesian and English as subjects are found as the subjects in a sentence.
3. The similarity in terms of same form (mabni) or not. Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic in each sentence. While the pronouns in Indonesian is the same except proklitis and enklitis abbreviated form.
4. The similarity in sentence structure. The Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir munfasil rafa ') the position is at the beginning of the sentence.
1. The similarity in terms of gender (sex). Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic. Arabic uses pronoun for masculine and feminine, as well as pronouns in Indonesian. But Indonesian pronouns are more neutral in terms of gender.
2. The Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic that are based on the position of the nominative (case rafa ') as the subject, and the personal pronoun in Indonesian and English as subjects are found as the subjects in a sentence.
3. The similarity in terms of same form (mabni) or not. Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic in each sentence. While the pronouns in Indonesian is the same except proklitis and enklitis abbreviated form.
4. The similarity in sentence structure. The Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir munfasil rafa ') the position is at the beginning of the sentence.
5. The similarity in terms of the content and aim. The pronouns in the Indonesian language, English and Arabic is addressed to mutakallim (first person), mukhatab (second person), and the supernatural (the third person.
6. The similarity in terms of the order in the sentence.The Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir muttasil) as the object in the sentence and it is placed behind the verb, as well as the personal pronoun in Indonesia the object is placed behind the verb.
7. Judging from the linguistic aspects of the discussion The pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic as well as syntax, including aspects of syntax (nahwu) and morphology.
6. The similarity in terms of the order in the sentence.The Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic (Damir muttasil) as the object in the sentence and it is placed behind the verb, as well as the personal pronoun in Indonesia the object is placed behind the verb.
7. Judging from the linguistic aspects of the discussion The pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic as well as syntax, including aspects of syntax (nahwu) and morphology.
The difference in terms of the personal pronoun in Indonesian language, English and Arabic are:
1. The Differences in terms of gender forms (sex). Pronouns in English and Arabic is different if it used for men and women while pronouns in Indonesian is not change its form.
2.The differences in terms of the number (quantity). Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic have differences in terms of pronouns in Arabic (Damir) in singular, musanna (dual) and the plural. While the personal pronoun in English and Indonesian languages have only singular and plural.
3. The differences pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic in terms of enklitik. enklitik is found In Indonesian language and Arabic but in English language it is not found. Damir mustatirjawazan (the personal pronoun may be hidden) in Arabic, while in Indonesian and English are not found.
4. The personal pronouns in Indonesian in terms of the basic pronouns that are original, such as: saya, beta, tuan, saudara, beliau, tuan-tuan, bapak-bapak. in English and Arabic the basic pronoun is not found.
1. The Differences in terms of gender forms (sex). Pronouns in English and Arabic is different if it used for men and women while pronouns in Indonesian is not change its form.
2.The differences in terms of the number (quantity). Pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic have differences in terms of pronouns in Arabic (Damir) in singular, musanna (dual) and the plural. While the personal pronoun in English and Indonesian languages have only singular and plural.
3. The differences pronouns in Indonesian, English and Arabic in terms of enklitik. enklitik is found In Indonesian language and Arabic but in English language it is not found. Damir mustatirjawazan (the personal pronoun may be hidden) in Arabic, while in Indonesian and English are not found.
4. The personal pronouns in Indonesian in terms of the basic pronouns that are original, such as: saya, beta, tuan, saudara, beliau, tuan-tuan, bapak-bapak. in English and Arabic the basic pronoun is not found.
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